UV-bright nearby early type galaxies observed in the mid-infrared: evidence for a multi-stage formation history by way of WISE and GALEX imaging

In the local Universe, 10% of massive elliptical galaxies are observed to exhibit a peculiar property: a substantial excess of ultraviolet emission (UVX) over what is expected from their old, red stellar populations. Several origins for the UVX have been proposed, including a population of hot young stars, or a population of old, blue horizontal branch or extended horizontal branch (BHB or EHB) stars that have undergone substantial mass loss from their outer atmospheres. We explore the radial distribution of ultraviolet excess (UVX) in a selection of 49 nearby E/S0-type galaxies by measuring the extended photometry in the UV through mid-IR with GALEX, SDSS and WISE. We compare UV/optical and UV/mid-IR colors with the Conroy & Gunn (2010) Flexible Stellar Population Synthesis models, which allow for the inclusion of EHB stars. We find that combined WISE mid-IR and GALEX UV colors are more effective in distinguishing models than optical colors, and that the UV/mid-IR combination is sensitive to EHB fraction. There are strong color gradients with the outer radii bluer than the inner half-light radii by ∼ 1 magnitude. This color difference is easily accounted for with a BHB fraction increase of 0.25 with radius. We estimated the average ages for the inner and outer radii are 7.0 ±0.3 Gyr, and 6.2 ±0.2 Gyr, respectively, with the implication that the outer regions are likely to have formed ∼ 1 Gyr after the inner regions. Additionally, we find that metallicity gradients are likely not a significant factor in the color difference. The separation of color between the inner and outer regions, which agrees with a specific stellar population difference (e.g., higher EHB populations), and the ∼ 0.5 to 2 Gyr age difference suggests multi-stage formation. Our results are best explained by inside-out formation: rapid star formation within the core at early epochs (> 4 Gyr ago) and at least one later stage starburst event coinciding with z ∼ 1. Dept. of Physics, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, 24061 Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Div. of Physics, Math & Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, RSA Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester,LE1 7RH, UK NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125